نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1389)

Economical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a social writer. The important point in studying the relationship between literature and society is similarities in which different authors from different cultures have  responded  the  same  reaction  to  the  similar  social  upheavals. White Revolution in Iran, for example, and its unsuccessful results has been depicted by Mahmud Dollatabadi, famous Iranian novelist. He shows a realistic literary account of this social-economical change to reflect its unsuccessful consequences in his novel Missing Slouch. On the other hand, John Steinbeck, well-known American novelist and literature noble prize winner, has written a novel in a very critical period of American history called The Great Depression. His novel is one the best literary record of this social-economical process. Social, economical and political similarities of these two events, White Revolution  and  The  Great  Depression,  prove  the  similar  way  of thinking and approaching among writers to mirror the hidden realities of their society. Also, it proves the collective unconscious of human beings  in  dealing  with  ups  and  downs.  This  paper  aims  at,  first, studying the common social and political origins of above mentioned events. Second, the common themes and characterization in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath are studied from Marxist point of view to prove the similarities found in two novels resulted from the common  viewpoint  and  collective  unconscious  of  the  writers.  The paper focuses on appreciating common themes, similarities in creating and developing the characters, changes in traditional structure of social unions to show the role of literature in recording and illustrating social processes.

Faith is the basic sector of All Religions and the most important term that Theologians have presented their descriptions according to their point of view. Besides faith in Islam has a different meaning From Other Nations, also there are various comments about faith among Islamic Sects. Every especial Islamic Sects has represented comment according to Quran verses and it‟s Commentary that is totally different From  others.  Sufis  have  also  paid  attention  to  faith  that  somehow differs From the other Theologians‟ point of view. That‟s clear that the view to “artistic look to Theology and religion” be deeper, the frame of Theologians‟ issue will be something else. In This Article, the Author has Attempted Not Only to Mention Varios Quran  Verses  and  Theologians‟Ideas But Also to  take  Sufis  and Especially  Mawlānā  Jalāloddin  Mohammad  Balkhi‟s  Views into Consideration.

Eqbal Lahoory the Pakistani thinker and mystic Loved Iran and Islamic mysticism and beleveid that the emancipation Muslims depends   on their return to the Islamic traditions. But he believed that some of the ideas  of  Islamic  mysticism  need  to  be  revised.  He  had  a  special attention to Mawlana Jalaloddin Romi and Shabestari‟s Golshan-e Raz. He considered Amir hussein Heraviy s questions important and as a resalt tried o compose (Golshan-e Raz Jadid) and Replay to some of the  mystic  and  philosophic  concepts  of  (Golshane  Raz)  Suchus: thought and it‟s scope, Contingent being and Necessary Being, Pantheism, Eternal and Not Eternal. He thought the Progress of Islamic Nafions  Depends on it‟s Return to “Selfness”. and the progress of Islamic nations. We have tried to point to the differences between the View Points of these two thinkers  of  Islam.

The ironic expression "az bone dandaan" has been written to mean "wholeheartedly and  desirous"  in  all  Persian  Dictionaries  including general and specific ones like those of idioms and expressions or the ones devoted to a particular poet's or work's terminology. In fact they have just pointed to one aspect of its meaning. Since this meaning was not in accordance with the semantic structure of some of the lines of poetry, the present author analysed a number of cases from Old Poetry and   Prose   texts.   The   outcome   shows   that   the   aforementioned expression should be regarded as one of the "Opposits" in Persian, because in the collected cases one can see that the expression means exactly something contradictory which has been ignored by lexicographers. In the opposite case the expression means: "obliged or forced to do something." This expression is an adverbial and a prepositional phrase.

Abu „Abdollah  Ja‟far  Ben  Mohammad  Rudaki  is  one of the  rare celebrated literary poets. Owing to the fact that he was very efficient in persian literarure. Among those poems that belongs to him not more than a Thousand couplets remained. The study of his poems shows his skill  and  important  position  in  poetry.  This  essay  examines  and analyzes the metrical and prosodic charactristic of Rudaki‟s poetry in cluding four sections and the result of this research is prepared.

Sheikh Hassan from Molan Abad (a village of Saqqez in Kurdistan province) was an obscure author, poet and theologist in Kurdistan in the end of Safavi dynasty. Unfortunately there has been no research on his life and he has been left unknown since then. While Sheikh Hassan had great effect on his society that time, his religious as well as literary piece of work are little known to people of these days. In this article we have tried to clarify some aspects of his life including:his education as well as his theological and scientific works.

Kalandari poetry is a branch of mystic poetry whose formal emergence is from Sanaie's poetry. From then on the domain of expansion of its is so that Kalandari concepts seen in the poems of the poets like khaghani and  Anvari.  Examining  Sanā‟i  and  Attār 's  Ghazals  as  the  most prominent instances of Qalandari poems illustrates major features of Qalandari thoughts as well as these poets characters and the language of Qalandari poems. Observing these terminologies which is the result of a serious investigation in this field will in any way show the degree of imitation of some 8th century poets.

The impact of a poem relies, to a great extent, on the music of the terminology used.In effect, repetition is what engenders music in poetic language. Musical group incorporates factors such as, measure,rhyme and rank which differentiate literary language from normal language through  the  use  of  musicality  and  Assonance.  Simin  Behbahani, Hossein Monzavi and Mohammad Ali Bahmani among the Renowned Contemporary lyricists who have brought about fundamental changes in the Measure of modern lyric. In the Present Study, the Researcher is After Investigating not only the musical group in modern lyric but also the Aforesaid Transformations by Focusing on the works of these three lyricists.